Now in its fifth successful edition, Doing Philosophy helps students understand the nature and purpose of philosophical inquiry by explaining what philosophical problems are, how they can be solved, and why searching for solutions is important. The book traces the historical development of philosophical thinking on a number of central problems and shows how philosophical theories have evolved in response to criticism. By introducing students to philosophical theorizing and encouraging them to formulate their own views, Doing Philosophy inspires active learning and helps students become more accomplished critical thinkers.
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Table of Contents subject to change before publication.
Preface
CHAPTER 1 The Philosophical Enterprise
Objectives
Section 1.1 Explaining the Possibility of the Impossible: Philosophical Problems and Theories
Philosophical Problems
Metaphysics
Epistemology
Axiology
Logic
The Stakes in Philosophical Inquiry
The Mind-Body Problem
The Problem of Free Will
The Problem of Personal Identity
The Problem of Moral Relativism
The Problem of Evil
The Problem of Skepticism
Box: What Is Your Philosophy?
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
Socrates and the Socratic Method
Box: In the News: The Oracle at Delphi
Box: Pre-Socratic Philosophers
Science and the Scientific Method
Box: The Laws of Thought
Logical versus Causal Possibility
Thought Probe: Possibilities
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 1.2 Evidence and Inference: Proving Your Point
Identifying Arguments
Deductive Arguments
Some Valid Argument Forms
Some Invalid Argument Forms
Inductive Arguments
Enumerative Induction
Analogical Induction
Hypothetical Induction (Abduction, Inference to the Best Explanation)
Informal Fallacies
Unacceptable Premises
Irrelevant Premises
Insufficient Premises
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 1.3 The Laboratory of the Mind: Thought Experiments
Thought Probe: Platonic Humans
Case Study: Explaining How Moral Abortions Are Possible
Thought Experiment: Warren's Moral Space Traveler
Thought Probe: The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Robots
How Are Thought Experiments Possible?
Criticizing Thought Experiments
Conceivability and Possibility
Scientific Thought Experiments
Thought Experiment: Impossibility of Aristotle's Theory of Motion
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Thought Experiment: Tooley's Cat
Thought Experiment: Thomson's Diseased Musician
Internet Inquiries
Readings
Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy
Reading Questions
Brand Blanshard: The Philosophic Enterprise
Reading Questions
CHAPTER 2 The Mind-Body Problem
Thought Experiment: Descartes? Mechanical Moron
Thought Experiment: Leibniz's Mental Mill
Box: In the News: The Approaching Singularity
Thought Probe: Artificial Intelligence
Objectives
Section 2.1 The Ghost in the Machine: Mind as Soul
Descartes' Doubt
Thought Probe: Living in the Matrix
Box: Rene Descartes: Father of Modern Philosophy
I Think, Therefore I Am
The Conceivability Argument
Box: The Biblical Conception of the Person
Box: In the News: Descartes and Vivisection
The Divisibility Argument
The Problem of Interaction
Box: Parallelism: Occasionalism and the Preestablished Harmony
The Causal Closure of the Physical
Box: The Seat of the Soul
Thought Probe: Mental Relay Stations
The Problem of Other Minds
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 2.2 You Are What You Eat: Mind as Body
Empiricism
Box: David Hume: The Model Philosopher
Logical Positivism
Logical Behaviorism
Box: Ryle's Category Mistake
Thought Experiment: Ryle's University Seeker
Thought Experiment: The Perfect Pretender
Thought Experiment: Putnam's Super-Spartans
Box: Behavioral Therapy
Thought Experiment: Chisholm's Expectant Nephew
The Identity Theory
Thought Probe: The Ultimate Lie Detector
Identity and Indiscernibility
Conscious Experience
Box: Do You Use Only 10% of Your Brain?
Thought Experiment: Nagel's Bat
Thought Experiment: Lewis's Pained Martian
Thought Experiment: Putnam's Conscious Computer
Thought Probe: Speciesism
Thought Experiment: Searle's Brain Replacement
Box: In the News: Neural Chips
Thought Probe: Neural Prostheses
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Thought Experiment: Your Mother, the Zombie
Internet Inquiries
Section 2.3 I, Robot: Mind as Software
Artificial Intelligence
Functionalism and Feeling
Thought Experiment: Lewis's Pained Madman
Thought Experiment: Block's Chinese Nation
Thought Experiment: Putnam's Inverted Spectrum
Box: Inverted Spectra and Pseudonormal Vision
Thought Probe: Pseudonormal Vision
The Turing Test
Thought Experiment: The Imitation Game
Box: Alan Turing: Father of Code and Computers
Thought Experiment: Searle's Chinese Room
Box: Connectionism
Thought Experiment: Searle's Chinese Gym
Thought Probe: Total Turing Test
Intentionality
Thought Experiment: Block's Conversational Jukebox
Thought Probe: Devout Robots
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 2.4 There Ain't No Such Things as Ghosts: Mind as Myth
Thought Experiment: Rorty's Demons
Folk Psychology
Thought Experiment: Searle's Chevrolet Station Wagon
Subjective Knowledge
Thought Experiment: Jackson's Color-Challenged Scientist
Box: In the News: Seeing Color for the First Time
Thought Probe: Seeing Color
Thought Experiment: Zombies
Thought Probe: Zombies
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 2.5 The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts: Mind as Quality
Primitive Intentionality
Box: The Double Aspect Theory
Thought Experiment: Jacquette's Intentionality Test
Panpsychism
Emergentism
Box: An Emergent God?
Thought Probe: Pan-en-theism
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Readings
Rene Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy: Meditation II
Reading Questions
David M. Armstrong: The Mind-Brain Identity Theory
Reading Questions
David Chalmers: The Puzzle of Concious Experience
Reading Questions
Terry Bisson: They're Made of Meat
Reading Questions
CHAPTER 3 Free Will and Determinism
Box: In the Courts: The Devil Made Me Do It
Objectives
Section 3.1 The Luck of the Draw: Freedom as Chance
Hard Determinism
Thought Experiment: Laplace's Superbeing
The Consequence Argument
Box: Freedom and Foreknowledge
Thought Probe: Freedom and Foreknowledge
Box: Fatalism versus Causal Determinism
Thought Probe: The Book of Life
Science and the Nature/Nurture Debate Determinism
Thought Probe: Behavior Modification
Box: Faking Free Will
Thought Probe: Faking Free Will
Box: Is Determinism Self-Refuting?
Thought Probe: Defending Determinism
Thought Probe: Genetic Engineering
Thought Experiment: Gardner's Random Bombardier
Common Sense and Causal Determinism
Thought Probe: Living with Hard Determinism
Indeterminism
Box: William James: Physiologist, Psychologist, Philosopher
Thought Experiment: Taylor's Unpredictable Arm
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Thought Experiment: Newcomb's Paradox
Internet Inquiries
Section 3.2 The Mother of Invention: Freedom as Necessity
Thought Experiment: Locke's Trapped Conversationalist
Traditional Compatibilism
Box: Thomas Hobbes: The Great Materialist
Punishment
Prepunishment
Thought Probe: Minority Report
Thought Experiment: Taylor's Ingenious Physiologist
Box: In the News: Guilty Minds and Pre-Crime
Thought Probe: Guilty Minds and Pre-Crime
Thought Experiment: Taylor's Drug Addiction
Thought Probe: Religious Cults
Hierarchical Compatibilism
Box: In the Courts: Government-Sponsored Brainwashing
Thought Probe: The Manchurian Candidate
Box: Better Living through Neurophysiology
Thought Probe: Brain Stimulation
Thought Experiment: Frankfurt's Unwilling and Wanton Addicts
Thought Experiment: Frankfurt's Happy Addict
Thought Experiment: Frankfurt's Decision Inducer
Thought Experiment: Slote's Hypnotized Patient
Thought Probe: The Willing Bank Teller
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 3.3 Control Yourself: Freedom as Self-Determination
The Case for Freedom
The Argument from Experience
The Argument from Deliberation
The Neurophysiological Challenge
Thought Probe: Is Free Won?t Enough for Free Will?
Agent Causation
Box: Sartre and Smullyan on Free Will
Thought Probe: Self-Consciousness and Free Will
Thought Probe: Free Androids
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Readings
Richard Dawkins: Let's All Stop Beating Basil's Car
Reading Questions
W. T. Stace: The Problem of Free Will
Reading Questions
John Dupre: The Solution to the Provlem of the Freedom of the Will
Reading Questions
Geoffrey Klempner: The Black Box
Reading Questions
CHAPTER 4 The Problem of Personal Identity
Box: In the Courts: Kathleen Soliah, a.k.a. Sara Jane Olson
Thought Probe: A Different Person
Section 4.1 We Are Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On: Self as Substance
Thought Probe: Hobbes's Ship of Theseus
Persons
Thought Probe: Dolphins
Animalism
Thought Experiment: The Vegetable Case
Box: In the News: Eternal Life through Cloning
Thought Probe: Safe Cloning
Thought Experiment: Benjamin's Questionable Cure
Box: The Definition of Death
Thought Probe: Permanently Unconscious
Thought Experiment: Locke's Tale of the Prince and the Cobbler
Thought Experiment: The Transplant Case
Thought Experiment: Unger's Great Pain
Box: In the Courts: Multiple-Personality Disorder
Thought Probe: Multiple Personalities
The Soul Theory
Box: St. Augustine: Soul Man
Thought Experiment: The King of China
Box: Transubstantiation
Thought Experiment: Nestor and Thersites
Thought Experiment: Kant's Soul Switch
Thought Probe: Souls in Heaven
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 4.2 Golden Memories: Self as Psyche
The Memory Theory
Box: John Locke: The Great Empiricist
Box: In the Courts: Sleepwalking and Murder
Thought Probe: Sleepwalking and Murder
Thought Probe: Memory Damping
The Inconsistency Objection
Thought Experiment: Reid's Tale of the Brave Officer
and Senile General
Thought Probe: Were You Ever a Fetus?
The Circularity Objection
Box: In the News: Soul Catcher
Thought Probe: Soul Catcher
Thought Probe: Merging of the Minds
The Insufficiency Objection
The Psychological Continuity Theory
Thought Probe: Is Darth Vader Anakin Skywalker?
The Reduplication Problem I: Reincarnation
Thought Experiment: Williams's Reincarnation of Guy Fawkes
Thought Experiment: Williams's Reduplication Argument
The Reduplication Problem II: Teletransportation
Thought Experiment: Parfit's Transporter Tale
Box: Quantum Teleportation
Thought Probe: Transporter Travel
Thought Probe: Can You Go to Heaven?
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Thought Experiment: Bodily Torture
Internet Inquiries
Section 4.3 You Can't Step into the Same River Twice: Self as Process
The Brain Theory
Thought Experiment: Shoemaker's Brain Transplant
Box: A Brain Is a Terrible Thing to Waste
Thought Probe: Body Transplants
Split Brains
Box: Alien Hand Syndrome
Thought Probe: Who Is Behind the Hand?
Thought Experiment: Parfit's Division
Closest Continuer Theories
Box: Buddhists on the Self and Nirvana
Thought Probe: Branch Lines
Identity and What Matters in Survival
Identity and What Matters in Responsibility
Thought Experiment: Parfit's Reformed Nobelist
Explaining the Self
Thought Probe: Robert and Frank
Moral Agents, Narratives, and Persons
Thought Probe: Being Clive Wearing
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Readings
John Locke: Of Identity and Diversity
Reading Questions
Derek Parfit: Divided Minds and the Nature of Persons
Reading Questions
Ray Kurzweil: Live Forever
Reading Questions
CHAPTER 5 The Problem of Relativism and Morality
Objectives
Section 5.1 Don't Question Authority: Might Makes Right
Subjective Absolutism
Subjective Relativism
Emotivism
Thought Experiment: Blanshard's Rabbit
Cultural Relativism
Box: In the News: Universal Human Rights
The Anthropological Argument
The Logical Structure of Moral Judgments
Thought Probe: When in Rome
The Divine Command Theory
Box: In the Courts: God Is My Attorney
Thought Probe: Commanded to Kill
Box: The Fortunes of Hell
Are There Universal Moral Principles?
Box: Moral Children
Thought Probe: Moral Children
Thought Probe: Moral Knowledge
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 5.2 The End Justifies the Means: Good Makes Right
Box: Is Life Intrinsically Valuable?
Thought Probe: Moral Justification
Ethical Egoism
Box: Ayn Rand on the Virtue of Selfishness
Thought Experiment: Feinberg's Single-Minded Hedonist
Act-Utilitarianism
Box: Jeremy Bentham: Making Philosophy Do Work
Thought Probe: Animal Rights
Problems with Rights
Thought Experiment: McCloskey's Utilitarian Informant
Thought Experiment: Brandt's Utilitarian Heir
Problems with Duties
Thought Experiment: Ross's Unhappy Promise
Box: In the News: Killing Disabled Babies
Thought Probe: Singer's Preference Utilitarianism
Thought Experiment: Godwin's Fire Rescue
Problems with Justice
Thought Experiment: Ewing's Utilitarian Torture
Thought Experiment: Ewing's Innocent Criminal
Thought Probe: The Utility Machine
Rule-Utilitarianism
Thought Experiment: Nozick's Experience Machine
Thought Probe: Beneficial Drugs
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Thought Experiment: Williams's South American Showdown
Thought Experiment: Thomson's Trolley Problem
Thought Experiment: Thomson's Transplant Problem
Internet Inquiries
Section 5.3 Much Obliged: Duty Makes Right
Kant's Categorical Imperative
The First Formulation
Box: Immanuel Kant: Small-Town Genius
Thought Experiment: Hare's Nazi Fanatic
Thought Experiment: Ross's Good Samaritan
The Second Formulation
Box: In the News: Kant, Mill, and the War in Iraq
Thought Probe: War
Thought Experiment: Broad's Typhoid Man
Thought Experiment: Ewing's Prudent Diplomat
Thought Probe: Easy Rescue
Ross's Prima Facie Duties
Thought Probe: Desert Island Bequest
Rawls's Contractarianism
Thought Probe: Just Policies
Nozick's Libertarianism
Thought Experiment: Nozick's Basketball Player
Thought Probe: Consensual Cannibalism
Justice, the State, and the Social Contract
Hobbes
Locke
Nozick
Thought Experiment: Widerquist's Libertarian Monarchy
Thought Probe: Libertarian Government
The Ethics of Care
Box: In the News: Jillian's Choice
Thought Probe: Jillian's Choice
Thought Probe: Lying with Care
Making Ethical Decisions
Thought Probe: The Zygmanik Brothers
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 5.4 Character is Destiny: Virtue Makes Right
The Virtuous Utilitarian
The Virtuous Kantian
Thought Experiment: Stocker's Hospitalized Patient
The Purpose of Morality
Box: Children without a Conscience
Thought Probe: Empathy and Agency
Aristotle on Virtue
Box: Aristotle: Pillar of Western Thought
Box: The Buddha on Virtue
MacIntyre on Virtue
Nussbaum on Virtue
Thought Probe: Medical Treatment
Virtue Ethics
Thought Probe: The Ring of Gyges
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Readings
W. T. Stace: Are Ethical Values Relative?
Reading Questions
Jeremy Bentham: Of the Principle of Utility
Reading Questions
Immanuel Kant: Good Will, Duty, and the Categorical Imperative
Reading Questions
Martha Nussbaum: Non-Relative Virtues
Reading Questions
Ursula K. Leguin: The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
Reading Questions
CHAPTER 6 The Problem of Evil and the Existence of God
Box: Biblical Archaeology
Thought Probe: Biblical Truths
Box: Religious Adherents
Thought Probe: Deluded Believers
Thought Probe: Holy Scripture
Objectives
Section 6.1 The Mysterious Universe: God as Creator
The Traditional Cosmological Argument
Box: Thomas Aquinas
The Kalam Cosmological Argument
Thought Probe: Why a Universe?
The Teleological Argument
The Analogical Design Argument
Thought Experiment: Paley's Watch
The Best-Explanation Design Argument
Box: In the Courts: Is Evolution Just a Theory?
Box: Extraterrestrial Design
Thought Probe: Intelligent Design
Box: Creationism and Morality
Thought Probe: Human Design Flaws
The Argument from Miracles
Box: Parting the Red Sea
Thought Probe: Parting the Red Sea
Box: Was Jesus a Magician?
Thought Probe: Jesus's Miracles
Thought Probe: The Fivefold Challenge
The Argument from Religious Experience
Box: This Is Your Brain on God
Thought Probe: Religious Experience
The Ontological Argument
Anselm's Ontological Argument
Thought Experiment: Gaunilo's Lost Island
Descartes? Ontological Argument
Thought Experiment: Edwards's Gangle
Thought Probe: One More God
Pascal's Wager
Thought Experiment: Pascal's Wager
Box: Silverman's Wager
Thought Probe: The Best Bet
Thought Probe: Alien Religion
God and Science
Thought Probe: Goulder vs. Augustine
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 6.2 When Bad Things Happen to Good People: God as Troublemaker
Thought Experiment: Rowe's Fawn
St. Augustine and the Free-Will Defense
Box: Karma and the Problem of Inequality
Thought Probe: Karma
Thought Probe: Is There Free Will in Heaven?
The Knowledge Defense
The Ideal-Humanity Defense
Box: In the News: Natural Evil
The Soul-Building Defense
The Finite-God Defense
Thought Probe: What If God Died?
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Thought Experiment: The Invisible Gardener
Internet Inquiries
Section 6.3 Faith and Meaning: Believing the Unbelievable
The Leap of Faith
Thought Probe: Kierkegaard and Russell
Evidentialism
Thought Probe: Blanshard's Beliefs
The Will to Believe
Thought Probe: James and Pandeism
The Meaning of Life
Thought Experiment: God's Plan
Thought Probe: Meaning and Morality
Existentialism
Thought Probe: Meaning and Purpose
Religion without God
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Readings
St. Thomas Aquinas: The Five Ways
Reading Questions
Richard Swinburne: Natural Theology
Reading Questions
David Hume: Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
Reading Questions
B.C. Johnson: God and the Problem of Evil
Reading Questions
Michael Martin: The Miracle Sleuth
Reading Questions
CHAPTER 7 The Problem of Skepticism and Knowledge
Objectives
Section 7.1 Things Aren't Always What They Seem: Skepticism about Skepticism
Greek Rationalism
Parmenides
Thought Probe: Thinking about Nothing
Zeno
Thought Experiment: Zeno's Paradox of Bisection
Plato
Box: Solving Parmenides? and Zeno's Paradoxes
Thought Probe: Innate Knowledge
Cartesian Skepticism
Cartesian Doubt
Thought Experiment: Descartes? Dream Argument
Thought Probe: Dreams and Reality
Thought Experiment: Descartes? Evil Genius Argument
Thought Experiment: Unger's Mad Scientist
Cartesian Certainty
Reasonable Doubt
The Empiricist Alternative
The Problem of Induction
Thought Probe: Science and Faith
The Kantian Synthesis
Thought Probe: Constructing Reality
Mystical Experience
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 7.2 Facing Reality: Perception and the External World
Direct Realism
Representative Realism
Thought Probe: Hypothesizing the External World
Phenomenalism
Thought Experiment: The Inconceivability of the Unconceived
Box: George Berkeley: The Ultimate Empiricist
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Section 7.3 What Do You Know? Knowing What Knowledge Is
Thought Experiment: Gettier's Guy in Barcelona
The Defeasibility Theory
Thought Experiment: Lehrer and Paxson's Demented Mrs. Grabit
The Causal Theory
Thought Experiment: Goldman's Fake Barns
The Reliability Theory
Thought Experiment: Lehrer's Human Thermometer
Virtue Perspectivism
The Explanationist Theory
Summary
Study Questions
Discussion Questions
Internet Inquiries
Readings
Rene Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy: Meditation 1
Reading Questions
Bertrand Russell: On Induction
Reading Questions
Ernest Sosa: Virtue Perspectivism
Reading Questions
Thomas D. Davis: Why Don't You Just Wake Up?
Reading Questions
Notes
Credits
Index
New to this Edition
New readings by Richard Dawkins, John Dupre, Geoffrey Klempner, and Ernest Sosa acquaint students with philosophical thinking at the forefront of current research.
New sections on justice and the state, God and science, the nature vs. nurture debate, and virtue epistemology show students how philosophical thinking informs current debates in politics, religion, and science.
Expanded discussions of political libertarianism, metaphysical libertarianism, compatibilism, animalism, the categorical imperative, and the Gettier problem provide deeper understanding of important philosophical theories and reveal how philosophical thinking responds to scientific discoveries.
New boxes and Thought Probes (critical thinking sections based on philosophical concepts) encourage students to think more deeply about the various implications of philosophical theories.
Retained Features
Thought experiments describe the possible situations in which a particular theory should hold, encouraging students to examine both the theory and the thought experiment. "Thought Probes" throughout each chapter challenge students to conduct their own thought experiments.
Classic and contemporary readings at the end of each chapter provides context for the philosophical theories and thought experiments. Each set of readings concludes with a piece of fiction that revisits many of the philosophical questions examined in the chapter.
"In the Courts" and "In the News" boxes in each chapter show how legal decisions and current events inform and are influenced by philosophical thinking, providing students with additional examples of philosophy at work in the world around them.
"Reading Questions" accompany each of the readings, helping students to better identify and evaluate key points in the selection.
A coherent theoretical framework aids students in their understanding of contemporary and traditional philosophical problems.